Cambridge Synonym C5C13

1. information / details
2. regularly / on a regular basis
3. impact on / effect on
4. different / varied
5. depend on / according to
6. selected places / suggested routes
7. local / in the area
8. send / submit
9. aim to / set up to
10. travel companies / travel organizations
11. not sorely / not only / not just
12. like to / enjoy
13. undertake / involved in / take part in / participate in
14. local culture / traditional Maori life
15. once in a lifetime visit / unlikely to return
16. difficult / problems
17. study in the lab / Scientific approach
18. types / classification / categories
19. productive outcomes / being bored makes us more creative
20. cure / treat
21. traits / characteristics
22. today / modern
23. cannot / inable
24. suffer badly / have problems in coping with
25. high threshold / not easy to do sth
26. undermine / take away
27. standard / criteria
28. compared to / measure to
29. create / generate / produce / make
30. indistinguishable from that of human / Fool experts into thinking
31. criticize / condemn / blast
32. vague / not revealing the detail
33. rely completely on / entirely dependent on
34. angry / outraged
35. without knowing / not told beforehand
36. help explain / provide a clue

1. added to / mix with
2. show / indicate
3. between people / among lovers and friends
4. sweet smell / pleasant scent
5. indication / sign / token / implication
6. treatment / cure
7. health problems / ailments
8. use / via / with / through
9. arrive at / reach
10. control over / monopoly
11. take over / break the monopoly
12. plant / cultivate
13. maintain economic importance / diminish in economic potentical (矛盾)
14. benefit effects / make people more trusting ...
15. complex / perplexing
16. a period / 8 years
17. little scientific attention / lonesome field
18. ignore / take no notice of
19. data / findings / results
20. more trusting / more charitable
21. jealousy / envy
22. vary from one type of person to another / depending on one's disposition
23. release / produce
24. participant / volunteer
25. lack of willingness to / less cooperative / reluctant to / reject
26. spot / identify / recognize
27. the day / the moment
28. fail to recognize / unaware of
29. significant / profound / important
30. did not modify / has not abandoned
31. core business activities / traditional retail offerings
32. appear to have / at first glance
33. few obvious benefits / hardly worthwhil
34. unhealthy lifestyles / lack of exercise and obesity
35. counteract / turn the notion
36. harmful effects to its own advantage / the widely perceived negative impacts of digital devices
37. collaborate with / team up with
38. another manufacturer / apple company
39. social responsibility / commitment to protecting the environment
40. positive attitude / eager to lift themselves
41. difficult circumstances / tough times
42. unrelated / irrelevant
43. avoid charging less / avert a price cut
44. most appropriate to use / which of our three strategies to pursue
45. negative / undesired
46. lack of connection / disparity

1. making / construction
2. a source of / a type of
3. halved / broken in half
4. need shade / fully exposed to tropical sun (矛盾)
5. move / transport
6. all are cultivated / no relatives growing in the wild
7. individual attention / one-on-one
8. effort to create speech / try to talk back
9. two parents / mom and dad
10. amount / how much
11. talk / vocalise
12. use / equip with
13. together with / and
14. tend not to modify / didn't raise their ...
15. known as / called
16. expand / wider
17. much larger / boosted
18. before the end of their first year / seven and eleven and half months
19. before birth / 10 weeks before being born
20. preference / like
21. proposed explanations / some claim that ... or ... yet others that
22. another culture / egyptian
23. same period / at a time when
24. urban / cities
25. errors / inaccuracy
26. collect / gather
27. look at / analyse
28. object / pottery
29. find further information / obtain more data
30. vital / essential
31. examine previous patterns / learn from the past
32. rough calculation / estimate
33. a period / 200 years
34. lack / little

1. intend to / buit to
2. passenger ships / transport goods (矛盾)
3. favour / put him in a strong position
4. fastest / more quicker than any
5. put at risk / bring dangerously to
6. carry / transport
7. most successful time / most successful period
8. skilled / excellent
9. damaged by / suffer from
10. decomposing plants / plant remains
11. store / hold / lock in
12. tend not to return / may not be put back
13. cause damage to environment / release polluting oxide into the atmosphere
14. more aware of / easily understood
15. one person / Floris
16. different ways / field surveys, lab analyse ...
17. provide a view / need an accurate picture
18. ignorant / oblivious
19. price of goods / money
20. a connection between work and psychology / the entangling of psychology research and capitalism
21. conversation / communication
22. improve security / unforgeable
23. preservation / keep provisions
24. observation / visible
25. emotions / pleasure and displeasure
26. supported by research / no factual basis (矛盾)

1. collaborate cooperative 合作
2. group collective 集体的
3. buyer purchaser 买家
4. financial stake invest, risk sharing 出资
5. study sign up for 报名
6. will become prospective 未来的
7. intend to set fire arson, arsonist 纵火
8. definition articulate 清楚表述
9. physical eye, pulse,skin, blood 身体的
10. intense active 强烈的
11. produce reveal 产生，揭露
12. precise exact, detailed 精确的
13. participant subject 研究对象
14. release production 释放，产生
15. substance chemical 化学物质
16. be linked with be associated with 与 ... 相关
17. prior to before，precede 在 ... 之前
18. expectation anticipate 期望
19. delay refuse to give 拖延，拒绝给予
20. music composition symphony 音乐作品
21. cause arise from 导致，结果源于
22. structure pattern 结构，模式
23. actual real 真实的
24. increase explode 激增
25. minimal little 最少的
26. farm animals livestock 家畜
27. habitat hill 居住地，山地
28. agriculture farming 农业
29. extend spread 延伸，扩张
30. commercial lucrative 获利丰厚的
31. examination scrutiny 详细审查
32. emphasis concentrate 重视
33. financial remuneration, pay, bonus 报酬
34. realignment change 重新排列
35. affect spoil 影响，破坏
36. produce manufacture 生产
37. aid support 帮助，支持
38. stop prevent 阻止，防止
39. collect look for 搜寻
40. feeling sense 知觉
41. share exchange 分享，交换
42. unusual individualism 个性
43. create blast 创造出
44. because thereby, therefore 因果
45. enthusiasm be keen on 热衷于
46. understand realize 意识到
47. significance importance 重要性
48. observe study 观察，研究
49. process stage 过程，阶段
50. image picture 影像，图片
51. negative consequences difficulties 负面后果
52. superior better 优良的
53. increase grow exponentially 快速增加
54. were kept for act as 用作
55. produce were processed into 生成
56. habitat destruction destroyed the habitat 栖息地破环
57. not native to the islands alien 外来的
58. feed on prey on 捕食
59. young tortoise baby tortoise 幼年乌龟
60. conservation protect 保护
61. bigger idea ambitious 有野心的
62. plan work out 计划，制定出
63. meet come across 遇到
64. young juvenile 青少年
65. the old a full grown ... 中老年
66. due to thanks to 由于，因为
67. better improvement 改善
68. losing their usefulness resistant to 抵抗性
69. hot and damp warm and damp 温热潮湿的
70. have an impact on lead to 影响
71. growth expansion 增长，扩张
72. illness malaria 疾病，疟疾
73. rare much less 罕见，很少
74. mixture combination，hybrid 混合
75. classify categories 分类
76. geographically local and global scale 地理
77. vary discrepancy 不符
78. physical barrier a mountain 物理障碍，高山
79. eradicate eliminate 根除，消除
80. sharp points of tears tips for spears 矛的尖点
81. 17 century 1623- 1683 17 世纪
82. use introduce 使用，引入
83. avoid counter the effect 避免
84. changes repeal 改变，废除
85. law act 法律，法案
86. nowadays today 当今，如今
87. international global 国际的，全球的
88. concern for environment green issue 关心环境
89. an increased demand more popular 更受欢迎
90. less expensive save cost 不贵
91. variation swing，volatility 变化
92. reduce mitigate, alleviate 减轻
93. financial assistance subsidy 补贴
94. help encourage 帮助，鼓励
95. financial input invest, subscription 投资

1. demographic = population 人口
2. situated in = located in 位于
3. turn = produce 产生
4. use of = consumption of 使用量
5. be reduced = be cut 被减少
6. shortcoming = disadvantage 缺点
7. can move = not fixed
8. city = urban 城市
9. damage = destruction 破坏
10. eliminate = less likely to be affected by
11. construct = manufacture 建造
12. two = a pair of
13. raise = lift 提升
14. seal ...off from the water = shut out the water 防水
15. turn = rotate 转动
16. remove = be taken out 去除
17. rotate = drive 使运转
18. straight = directly
19. ancient monument = Roman wall
20. under = beneath
21. deposit = place = put 放置在
22. stimulate the growth of algae = to encourage the algae to form 促进 ... 成长
23. form = create
24. model on = base on 基于
25. volcanic explosions = natural phenomenon
26. reinforced high-tension cables = strong cables
27. reroute = change the direction of 转向
28. increase = bring more water to
29. no substitute = can not replace 无取代物
30. renewable energy = non-fossil-based fuels 新型能源
31. should not exclude thinking about = worth exploring

1. intact = undamaged 完整的
2. turn out to be = by chance
3. fade into obscurity = stop 模糊
4. initiate = launch 发射
5. decision = it was agreed that
6. via = by 通过
7. overcome = prevent 克服
8. locate = place
9. additional = extra 额外的
10. definitively proved = undisputed 无可争议的
11. wreck = damage 破坏
12. clear the forest = cut down trees 砍刀树木
13. bird = food source
14. decreased crop yield = diminishing food resources 产量下降
15. accelerate = make situation worst 情况恶化
16. require = need
17. a lot of = a large number of
18. pioneer = initiative 先锋先驱
19. europeans = outsiders
20. feelings = emotions 情绪
21. scrutiny = work out 仔细检查
22. rewarding = satisfying
23. motif = image
24. need to be thoroughly tested = require further verification 仔细检查
25. their place in history = cultural context
26. accounts of ... vary = doubt
27. rather than = opposing

1. land in = fell into
2. devise = invent 发明
3. be solely restricted to = only
4. grow = produce
5. be entitled to have clothes made of silk = were allowed to wear silk 允许
6. a unit of currency = a form of
7. indication of silk paper = evidence found of paper made from silk
8. smuggle = hide 藏匿
9. downfall = decline 下降
10. few = most ... only
11. physiognomy = gesture = move
12. attempt = purpose = order = effort 试图
13. vary = define it differently 不同于
14. affected = become sensitive to blue light
15. tend to = likely 可能
16. route = linear
17. prepare = preparation
15. overfeeding = eat more than they need 过度喂养
19. resist distraction = ignore distraction
20. eyesight = distance vision
21. winter = frozen months
22. narrow = only about 150 meters wide
23. lack of mathematical knowledge = non-scientist
24. not a typical book = differs from most books
25. help = prepare me well
26. accessible to everybody = anyone can understand
27. suitable = it is with
28. limited knowledge = common sense
29. omit = leave out 省略
30. carry out = perform 执行

1. invent a term = coin a term 发明术语
2. increase our knowledge = take our understanding further
3. statistical concept = mathematical method
4. apart = separate
5. parts of our bodies = organs 器官
6. show = present
7. underestimate = overlook
8. importance of film sound = contribution of sound to ... film
9. personality = character
10. merge = similar
11. banal = dull 无聊的
12. audience reflection = audience response
13. in absence = lack 缺少
14. expect = anticipate
15. compared to language, all other conventions pale in significance = most important
16. incongruity = paradox = incompatible 不兼容矛盾性
17. measly morsel of sound = a few sounds 一些
18. estrangement = exotic = difference 疏远
19. wonder = impressiveness
20. don't have to be genius = universal ability 普遍的能力
21. absence of a sound = silence 沉默
22. express sth specific = meaningful
23. everything = fundamental
24. sophistication = complex 复杂的
25. simple = simplicity
26. documentation of history = recording of events

1. negotiate = alter 调整
2. a millennium ago 千年前 = ancient
3. application = function
4. gain access to ground water = water collect 收集水分
5. shelter = provide shade 庇护所
6. tourists flock = frequent visitors 大量游客
7. quick = rapid 快速的
8. due to = owing to 由于
9. candidates for = awaiting 候选人
10. new = fresh 新鲜的
11. sustainable = long-term 持续的
12. transport flows = transport trends 交通流
13. energy consumption = environmental costs
14. by 2020 = by the end of this decade
15. alone = solely 仅仅
16. increase the efficiency = improve
17. price = charge 收费
18. continues to increase = growing 持续增长
19. expect = predict
20. goal = objective 目标
21. fit = match 合适
22. play it safe = avoid risk 安全地
23. take more gambles = take chances 冒险抓住机会
24. overbearing = dominant
25. opt out of = ignore 忽略
26. a free interchange of idea = share their ideas 思想交流
27. peer = colleague 同事
28. boss = manager 经理老板
29. much more powerful = more pervasive

1. a burst in population growth = an increase in population
2. conditions required = allow this to happen 条件允许
3. changes = turn to
4. afraid = fear 害怕
5. put people out of work = unemployment 失业
6. without succumbing = prevent 阻止
7. morality rate = death rate 死亡率
8. overdirect = too much guidance 过度指导
9. diminish their gifted pupil's learning autonomy = what can be lost
10. negative emotions = anxiety
11. ome educational provision = domestic background
12. deprived = socially-disadvantaged
13. make fewer errors = produce accurate work
14. independence = self-reliance 独立
15. a great deal = a considerable amount 大重
16. external regulation = more direction from teachers 外部指导
17. lack of = do not have 缺少
18. identify = understand = confirm 明确
19. extremely high examination results = impressive grades 惊叹的成绩
20. print out huge numbers of texts = mass production
21. the meaning of words- = underlying ideas
22. pertectly content to assign = happy to instruct 乐意指导
23. workshop apprentices = assistants 助手
24. scale = size 尺寸
25. given the confidence = be encouraged

1. importance = significance 重要性
2. hidden or obscured = difficulty in recognising = difficult to ascertain 难以确认
3. largest employer = largest employment
4. figures = number 数据
5. one major difficulties problems = major most important
6. source = substance
7. discard = drop 抛弃
8. defences = against 防卫
9. warning = signal 警告
10. intense = abundant 丰富的
11. the reddest = the most vividly coloured red
12. paradoxical = contradict 矛盾的
13. derelict = abandoned 抛弃
14. livestock = animals 动物
15. human = remains bones
16. nagging headwinds = extreme climate conditions 极端的天气
17. the key to success = play a key role in
18. stubborn question = difficulties explaining
19. called it quits = halted their expansion 停止
20. reasons known only to them = unclear 不清楚

1. erratically = unpredictably 不规则不可预测的
2. longer = extended 长的
3. allow fires to spread = mishandling 错误处理
4. infrastructure = equipment = tools 工具
5. precipitation = rainfall 降雨
6. increased construction = more building 更多的施工
7. character = personality 性格
8. determined = fixed
9. develop = acquire 获得
10. master = learn 掌握学习
11. a range of = a variety of 许多
12. bring more joy and passion into your life = increase their hap piness
13. ignorance = do not know much 忽略
14. pay attention to = actively notice 关注
15. moral obligation = a sense of responsibility = duty 责任感
16. alter = overcome 克服
17. physical stamina = physical goals
18. reappear = re-emergence 再次出现
19. switch labs = decide to rethink academic career path
20. qualify = modify
21. fit with = correct 合适的
22. no more than one occasion = several times 几次
23. throwback = run backwards = reversible
24. unrelated = different 不同的
25. reactivate = reappear 再次出现
26. answer may lie in might = be caused by

1. recognise one's ability / perceive one's talent / one's talent be perceived
2. enrol in a school / attend a school
3. sth that made him rich and famous / sth bring him both fame and fortune
4. immediately understand / instant recognition
5. refer to / known as
6. consult / ask advice of
7. now / current / present / happening
8. transmission / sending information
9. response / reply
10. ground rules / assumptions underlying the research
11. likelihood / it seems / perhaps, guess, estimate
12. life expectancy / the lifetime of
13. most powerful / the largest / the biggest / the best / the greatest
14. resemble / pretty well like / be similar to / same as
15. promptly / immediately / instantly
16. migrant / migrate / migration
17. before / in advance / prior / previously / former
18. make big changes / redesign / modification / alteration
19. lack / never / no / not / in need of / want
20. incomplete fossilised remains / only fragments are found
21. determine / decide
22. obtain / acquire / earn / gain / get / procure / receive / secure
23. dense / tight / thick / heavy
24. indicate / demonstrate / disclose / display / exhibit / express / hint / imply / point out / present / reveal / show / signify / suggest

1. initiative / initiate / launch / pioneer / introduce / develop
2. national policy / New Zealand strategy
3. global / international
4. team effort / institutional working party
5. hypothesis / guess / speculation / possibility / theory / potential
6. suitable / appropriate
7. worldwide regulations / international standard
8. medical conditions / illness / disease
9. place ... at risk / leave ... vulnerable
10. auditory problems / hearing loss
11. study / carry out research
12. machinery noise / noise generated by machine
13. child which have not been diagnosed / undiagnosed children
14. current teaching method / modern teaching practices
15. cooling systems / air-conditioning / mechanical means of ventilation
16. different / distinct / varied / reverse 17. prevent / keep from / inhibit / stop / thwart
18. potential / future / be expected to be / possible / likely
19. fail to do / never / not / unable to do
20. calculate / determine the value
21. be worked out / be calculated
22. realise / recognise / show / see / understand
23. witness / view / see / observe
24. distorted / look smeared / not circular

1. competitive / competitors / competition
2. achievement / success
3. because / thus / It is ... that 强调句型 / so
4. rely on previous events / draw on past experience 2
5. a result of / a product of
6. pitfalls / traps / snares
7. exposure to ... / bombard ... with
8. receptive / receive / embrace / accept / agree
9. novelty / new experience
10. fear / phobia
11. embarrassment / ridicule
12. psychological illness / mental disorder
13. decide / decision
14. scientific / science / technology / technological
15. argue / argument / debate / debatable / discuss / dispute / disputable
16. understandable / understand / reasonable
17. be affected by / influence 18. still exist / be still with us
19. stop / halt / prevent / end
20. pointless / not / no point of
21. misrepresented / paint unreal pictures
22. the custom of speaking / popular speech
23. grammatical rules / rules of grammar
24. alternative / choice / way / replacement

1. back into Britain / re-import into Britain
2. reliable / predictable
3. cut down / reduce
4. increase income / export earner
5. power station / power plant
6. in the vicinity of / around / nearby
7. extraction of seaweed / clean seaweed
8. result from / cause
9. in danger / at risk
10. comparatively / relatively 3
11. explanation / explain / reason
12. transmission of information / information pass on / information send back / transmit
13. unnecessary / redundant / superfluous
14. incident / event
15. initially / originally
16. be about to stop working / on the brink of failing
17. be used to / by means of
18. send messages over distances / transmit information from place to place
19. signal strength / strength of the signal
20. from her childhood / when she was a child
21. her children were born / birth of her two daughters
22. marie took over the teaching position / she was appointed to the professorship
23. have the same property / ... is true for ...
24. receive recognition / be awarded

1. collect / accumulate
2. both ... and / not only ... but also
3. stock sth. / a stock of sth.
4. be exposed to / by exposure to
5. imitation / imitate / mimic
6. be contingent on / depend on
7. mastery / power
8. the aspects of self-awareness is difficult to research directly / Empirical investigation of the self-as-subject are rather scarce
9. ... is link to ... / the link between ... and ...
10. primarily intend for the public / for the ordinary visitor
11. personal involvement / themselves can act as if part of the historical environment
12. ... and ... are less easy to distinguish than before / the sharp distinction is gradually evaporating
13. balance the conflicting priorities / steer a narrow course between the demand of ...
14. reveal / present / presentation 4
15. durable objects / transitory nature of the materials ( 反义词)
16. consumer / market force
17. give false impression / bias in the representation 18. current trend / majority of the public

1. agree = concur = go along with = fall in with = go with 同意 v.
2. sceptic and advocate = different attitude 不同的看法
3. significance = impressive = meaning = sense 重要性 n.
4. meditation : the practice of emptying your mind of thoughts and feelings, in order to relax completely or for religious reasons 冥想，沉思 n.
5. parapsychology : the scientific study of mysterious abilities that some people claim to have, such as knowing what will happen in the future 通灵学 n.
6. environment = condition = light, sound, warmth = situation = circumstance 环境 n.
7. alter = change = revise = make changes 改变 v.
8. trial = experiment = test 实验 n.
9. success rate = positive result = achievement = progress = breakthrough = accomplishment 成就 n.
10. pick out = identify = recognize = know = tell 认出，识别 v.
11. limit = minimize = maximum = the most = ceiling = cut-off point 限制 v.
12. different = individual = not like = vary = not the same = contrast with = diverse 独特的 adj.
13. invention = device = creation = innovation 发明，装置 n. 5
14. cold temperature = freezing weather = chilly = frosty = wintry = cold snap 寒冷的 adj.
15. farming = agriculture 农业 n.
16. simultaneous = at the same time = together = at once = at one time 同时的 adj.
17. uniform = equal = homogeneous 均衡的 adj.
18. devise = formulate = invent = create = come up with = make up = conceive = coin = dream up 创造 v.
19. civil = municipal = metropolitan 城市的 adj.
20. divide = split = separate = break up = break down = take apart = take something to piece 分开 v.
21. new = revolutionary = original = innovation = fresh = novel = be in its infancy 新的，革命的 adj.
22. create = introduce = invent = make sth. do sth. = be the cause = lead to sth. v...发明
23. organize = co-ordinate = arrange = set out = put something in order = line up 组织，使协调 v.
24. public event = communal activity 公众、社交活动
25. aviation disaster = sky accident = air crash 空难
26. prompt = result in = lead to = make somebody do something = cause somebody to do something = lead somebody to do something = motivate = induce somebody to do something 导致 v.
27. resemble = like = similar = alike = much the same = comparable 类似 v.
28. oversimplify = incomplete = simplistic = generalize = see things in black and white 过于简化的，不完整的 adj.
29. altitude = from ... meters above the ground = height = how high = level 高度 n.
30. zone = airspace = region = area = district = quarter = block = suburb 区域 n.
31. weather = meteorological = climate = condition 气候 n.
32. categorize = class / type = sort = classify = be grouped = grade 分类 v.
33. create = establish = invent = start up = open = set up = found = inception 创建 v.
34. beacon and flashing = light = beam 灯光 n.
35. improve = develop = evolve = get better = catch up = pick up = things are looking up 发展，进化 v.
36. aircraft = plane = by air 飞机 n.
37. average-sized = medium-sized 中等的 adj.
38. city = metropolitan = urban = town = village = civic = municipal = downtown 城市 n.
39. pendulum : a long metal stick with a weight at the bottom that swings regularly from side to side to control the working of a clock 钟摆 n.
40. coincidental : happening completely by chance without being planned 巧合的 adj.
41. disobey : to refuse to do what someone with authority tells you to do, or refuse to obey a rule or law 不服从 v.

1. drastically : extreme and sudden 彻底地 adv.
2. carry out : subject to : 使服从
3. remain = stay = keep = continue to be = still 保持 v.
4. detect = inspect = examine = notice = spot = become aware / conscious = note = conserve = perceive 检查 v.
5. fault = flaw = defect = trouble = bug = virus = be something wrong with = be something matter with 缺陷，缺点 n.
6. enough = sufficient = adequate = cover = meet somebody's need 足够的 adj.
7. main = largely = principal = chief = major = key = primary = prime = predominant = core 主要的 adj.
8. documentation = written account = evidence = proof 证明 n.
9. shift = switch = transfer = move = jerk 转换 v.
10. consistent = lasting = stay the same = constant = unchanging 持续的 adj.
11. drought = no rain at all = dry = dusty 干旱的 adj.
12. period = cycle = era = age 年代 n.
13. random = arbitrary = at random 随机的 adj.
14. molten = hot = heat = boiling / boiling hot = scalding / scalding hot 熔化的 adj.
15. intense = strong = passionate = powerful = deep 强烈的 adj.
16. discover = explore = find / unearth = turn up 开发，发现 v.
17. pattern = trade / commodity = business 贸易 n.
18. relate to = associate with = link to / connect to = identify with 联系
19. feeling = emotional response / sensory = a sense of = passion 感觉 n.
20. unappreciated = undervalued 低估的 adj.
21. difficult = elusive = hard / tough = easier said than done 困难的，难懂的 adj.
22. study = research = analyse = do / conduct research 研究 v.
23. smell = odour = scent 气味 n.
24. interpretation = be considered to be = understanding = reading 理解 n.
25. define = distinguish = tell the difference 使明确 v.
26. damage = impair = break = do / cause damage = scratch 损害 v.
27. realize = consciously consider = occur to = become aware = sink in = strike = hit = wake up to the fact that 想到 v.
28. reveal = show = demonstrate = let somebody see = present = expose = let somebody take a look 显示 v.
29. to be defined = unanswered 无答案的
30. husbands and wives = marriage partner / spouse = couple = newlyweds 夫妇
31. linguistic = language 语言 n.
32. describe = name = express = give a description of = talk about = write about = give an account of = tell of 描述 v.
33. lack = do not exist = not enough = scarce = inadequate = insufficient = in short supply 缺乏的 v.
34. do not smell = odorless 没有气味的
35. regard as = consider to 把 ... 认作
36. unpleasant = offensive = horrible / disgusting / revolting = not very nice = nasty 极讨厌的 adj.
37. certain = some = a measure of 一些 adj.
38. correspond = be consist of = coincide = match up 一致 v.
39. relevance 关联 n.
40. float = afloat 浮动 v.

1. building = property = construction 建筑 n.
2. support = back = be behind = in support of = back somebody up 支持 v.
3. financial support = fund = financial aid 资助
4. stumbling block = difficulty = trouble 麻烦 n.
5. create = generate = form = produce 形成 v.
6. direct = guide = lead = instruct = give order / instruction 指导 v.
7. beam = laser = ray = glow = glare 光线，激光 n.
8. aim = direct at = purpose = point = idea = objective = goal = target 目的 n.
9. test in real = field test 实地测试
10. genius = giftedness / talent / intellectual = intelligence = brains = brilliant = wisdom 天才 n.
11. inherit = run in family = receive = get = be given = be awarded 继承 v.
12. talent = prodigy = skill = ability = craftsmanship = flair = have a knack = a natural ability to do something well 才能，技能 n.
13. lessen = minimize = subside = lighten = relieve = ease = allay 减少 v.
14. significance = supremacy = definition = meaning = sense = connotation 重要性 n.
15. achieve = make = succeed = manage = make progress = accomplish = get results 达成 v.
16. limitation = restricted = disadvantage = drawback = liability = the downside 限制 n.
17. inexorable = inevitable = unstoppable = remorseless 无法改变的 adj.
18. stable = characteristic = constant = steady = fixed = unchanging 稳定的 adj.
19. life span = duration of life
20. biological clock = internal clock 生物钟
21. prolong = extend = drag out = spin out 延伸，延长 v.
22. principle = law = conscience = scruples 原则，法则 n.
23. optimal = better = best 最佳的 adj.
24. conserve = save / frugal = reserve = keep back 节约，保存 v.
25. immortality : the state of living for ever or being remembered for ever 不朽的 adj.
26. organism = living thing = life form = wildlife = an animal, plant, human, or any other living thing 有机的 n.

1. building = property = construction 建筑 n.
2. support = back = be behind = in support of = back somebody up 支持 v.
3. financial support = fund = financial aid 资助
4. stumbling block = difficulty = trouble 麻烦 n.
5. create = generate = form = produce 形成 v.
6. direct = guide = lead = instruct = give order / instruction 指导 v.
7. beam = laser = ray = glow = glare 光线，激光 n.
8. aim = direct at = purpose = point = idea = objective = goal = target 目的 n.
9. test in real = field test 实地测试
10. genius = giftedness / talent / intellectual = intelligence = brains = brilliant = wisdom 天才 n. 11
11. inherit = run in family = receive = get = be given = be awarded 继承 v.
12. talent = prodigy = skill = ability = craftsmanship = flair = have a knack = a natural ability to do something well 才能，技能 n.
13. lessen = minimize = subside = lighten = relieve = ease = allay 减少 v.
14. significance = supremacy = definition = meaning = sense = connotation 重要性 n.
15. achieve = make = succeed = manage = make progress = accomplish = get results 达成 v.
16. limitation = restricted = disadvantage = drawback = liability = the downside 限制 n.
17. inexorable = inevitable = unstoppable = remorseless 无法改变的 adj.
18. stable = characteristic = constant = steady = fixed = unchanging 稳定的 adj.
19. life span = duration of life 寿命
20. biological clock = internal clock 生物钟
21. prolong = extend = drag out = spin out 延伸，延长 v.
22. principle = law = conscience = scruples 原则，法则 n.
23. optimal = better = best 最佳的 adj.
24. conserve = save / frugal = reserve = keep back 节约，保存 v.
25. immortality : the state of living for ever or being remembered for ever 不朽的 adj.
26. organism = living thing = life form = wildlife = an animal, plant, human, or any other living thing 有机的 n.

1. middle-year education = lower secondary school 中学
2. format = pattern 格式 n. 12
3. less successful student = struggler 差等生
4. key = contributing factor = important = major = significant = critical 关键 n.
5. achievement = attainment = progress = breakthrough = accomplishment 成就 n.
6. spacious = largely = big = huge = vast = enormous = immense 广阔的 adj.
7. adapt = accessible = get used to = become / grow accustomed to = adjust to 适应，可接近的 v.
8. careful = elaborate = conscientious = thorough = meticulous = methodical 仔细的，精心的 adj.
9. supplementary = assist = additional = extra = further = added = spare = more = another 补充，帮助 n.
10. effort = hard work = work at = push yourself = labour 努力 n.
11. correct answer = accuracy 精确 n.
12. imbalance = disorder = unequal = disproportionate 不平衡，紊乱 n.
13. no longer respond = resistance = fight against 抵抗
14. cost = financial outlay = spend = charge = fare = rental = toll 支出 n.
15. innate = built-in 先天的 adj.
16. immunity = resistance 免疫力 n.
17. entail = involve 包含 v.
18. circumstance = system 环境，系统 n.
19. feed on = prey on 以 ... 为食
20. blight = plague 破坏 v. 13
21. wipe out = eradicate = get rid of = abolish = scrap = do away with = eliminate 根除
22. plague = infest = troublesome 折磨 v.
23. compare = determination of variation = contrast = liken = make a comparison = draw an analogy = draw a parallel 对比 v.
24. criterion = identification = standard = scale 标准，识别 n.
25. compatible = use both method = well-matched = be made for each other = be a perfect match / pair / couple = be right for = be ideally suited 兼容的 adj.
26. specimen = individual 标本 n.
27. container = plastic or glass tube 容器 n.
28. wet = marshy = soaked = waterlogged = awash 湿的 adj.
29. habitat = area = the environment = ecosystem = ecology 栖息地 n.
30. pitfall = trap 陷阱 n.
31. little time and effort is required = minimal maintenance and intervention 最小程度的维修与介入
32. pesticide : a chemical substance used to kill insects and small animals that destroy crops 杀虫剂 n.
33. preservative : a chemical substance that is used to prevent things from decaying, for example food or wood 防腐剂 n.

1. rely on = depend on 依靠 v.
2. avoid = stay away = keep away = steer clear of = make a detour 避免 v.
3. die out = extinct = disappear = no longer exist 灭绝 v.
4. hunt = search for = look for = try to find = in search of 打猎 v.
5. limb = arm or leg = body = organ 四肢 n.
6. perceive = sense = see = spot = become aware of = observe 感知，感觉 v.
7. calculate = measure = work out = figure = estimate = access 计算 v.
8. detection = finding = observation 探测 n.
9. coin = invent = make = create = come up with 发明，创造 v.
10. inaccurate = incorrect = wrong = misleading 不精确的 adj.
11. revision = change = shift = reform = alteration 改进 n.
12. downward = fall = drop = downhill 下降的 adj.
13. increasing = soaring = growing = rising 上升的 adj.
14. primarily = mainly = largely = chiefly = principally 主要地 adv.
15. due to = because of = as a result of = thanks to = owing to 因为
16. decrease = reduce = fall = drop 下降 v.
17. radical = not traditional = new = unconventional 激进的 adj.
18. prior to = beforehand = before = in advance = on the eve of 之前
19. demanding = difficult = hard = challenging = tough 要求高的，艰难的 adj.
20. well known = notorious = famous = renowned 著名的 adj.
21. admit = acknowledge = confess = to tell the truth 承认 v. 15
22. be similar to = like = resemble = bear a resemblance to = akin to 相似 v.
23. result in = lead to = cause = give rise to = bring about 引发，导致
24. sophisticated = advanced = high-tech = complex = complicated 复杂的
25. address = solve = deal with = handle 处理 v.
26. imitate = copy = impersonate = follow one's example 模仿 v.
27. maintain = continue = carry on = keep up = preserve 维持 v.
28. feed = eat = have = chew = swallow = consume 喂食 v.
29. illustrate = show = demonstrate = make clear = reflect 说明 v.
30. memorise = learn = commit something to memory 记忆 v.
31. conventional = traditional = conformist = conservative 传统的 v.
32. notice = see = spot = be aware of = be conscious of 注意到 v.
33. retain = keep = save = hold on to 保持 v.
34. convince = persuade = win sb . over = satisfy 使确信 v.
35. spectacular = impressive = imposing = striking = grand 壮观的 adj.

1. interior = inner = inside 内部的 adj.
2. change = shift = alter = transfer 改变 v.
3. establish = build = found = set up = start 建立 v.
4. official = authority = leader = supervisor 官员 n.
5. isolated = inaccessible = distant = remote = faraway 隔离的, 边远的 adj.16
6. collapse = fall = fall over = fall down 倒塌 v.
7. destroy = devastate = wreck = obliterate 毁灭 v.
8. absorb = digest = take in = assimilate 吸收 v.
9. severe = serious = stiff = heavy 严重的 adj.
10. purify = refine = distill 净化 v.
11. hidden = disguised = concealed = veiled 隐藏的 adj.
12. decline = decrease = reduce = fall = drop 下降 v.
13. deteriorate = get worse = go down = decline 变坏 v.
14. recognize = know = identify = pick out 认出 v.
15. conclude = summarize = come to / reach the conclusion 得出结论 v.
16. adapt to = get used to = become accustomed to = adjust to 适应 v.
17. initiate = start = launch = open = set in motion 开始，发起 v.
18. refer to = mention = allude to = touch on 提到 v.
19. identify = name = recognize = diagnose 确定，认同 v.
20. request = demand = claim = petition = appeal 要求 n.
21. be divided into = separate = split = break up = break down 分开 v.
22. consist of = be made up of = be composed of = comprise 由 ... 组成
23. hinder = hamper = impede 阻碍 v.
24. objective = aim = purpose = goal = target 目标 n.
25. implement = carry on = execute = put sth. into practice 实行 v. 17
26. promote = encourage = help = aid 促进 v.
27. warn = caution = alert = give sb . a warning 警告 v.
28. observation post = watchtower 瞭望塔 n.
29. access = entrance = entryway = way in 通路，进入 n.

1. cause = reason = factor = origin = root 原因 n.
2. measure = weigh = time = take = read 测量 v.
3. route = motorway = highway = expressway 车道 n.
4. exclude = omit = miss out = leave out = drop 排除在外 v.
5. renewable = sustainable = recycling = environmentally friendly 可再生的 adj.
6. exist = there is / are = be found = occur 存在 v.
7. limit = restrict = constrain = confine = keep to 限制 v.
8. boundary = border = edge = outskirts = frontier 边界 n.
9. allow for = make sth. possible 使 ... 成为可能
10. proposal = suggestion = recommendation = proposition 提议 n.
11. urban = city = town = municipal 城市的 adj.
12. odour = smell = stench = stink 味道 n.
13. find one's way = navigate 导航 v.
14. bearing = position = standing 方位 n.
15. exchange = share = distribute 分享 v. 18
16. waste = unwanted materials = rubbish = garbage = trash 废物 n.
17. dental = teeth 牙齿的 adj.
18. priority = preferential = the most important = overriding 优先 n.
19. encourage = promote = help = support = be supportive 鼓励 v.
20. explore = look for = discuss = think 探索 v.
21. factor = cause = reason = root = origin 因素 n.
22. cultivate = grow = raise 培养 v.
23. convert = modify = transfer = adapt = customize 转变 v.
24. digest = take in = absorb = assimilate 消化 v.
25. preserve = protect = keep = store = keep sth. in storage 保存，保护 v.
26. monitor = watch = keep an eye on 监视 v.
27. allocate = distribute = apportion = grant = confer 分配 v.
28. decline = decrease = reduce = fall = drop 下降 v.
29. fragile = weak = delicate = breakable = feeble 脆弱的 adj.
30. upgrade = improve = make sth.better = make improvements 改进，提高 v.
31. advanced = developed = sophisticated = high-tech 先进的 adj.
32. sustainable = renewable = recycling = environmentally friendly 可持续的 adj.
33. evidence = proof = documentation 证据 n.
34. long-standing = lengthy = long-running = lasting 长期的 adj.

1. large numbers of = tens of thousands of = many 大量的
2. large = massive = huge = enormous = vast 巨大的 adj.
3. resemble = look like = alike = much the same = akin to 相像 v.
4. foe = enemy = adversary = hostile 敌人 n.
5. more than = exceed = over = in excess of 超过 v.
6. decrease = crash = reduction = fall = drop 下降 n.
7. stop = halt = come to a halt 停止 v.
8. sufficient = abundant = enough = adequate 充足的 adj.
9. establish = found = build = set up 建立 v.
10. be Successful = prosper = do well = succeed = thrive 成功
11. recognize = certify = accept = acknowledge 承认 v.
12. label = display = call = brand = hail 贴标签，命名 v.
13. adapt = adjust = get used to = become / grow accustomed to 适应 v.
14. mistake = error = fault = slip = mix-up 错误 n.
15. keep a check on = monitor = watch = keep an eye on 监视 v.
16. unexpected = unpredictable = unforeseeable 不可预见的 adj.
17. generally = in general = in the whole = all in all = all things considered 大体上的 adv.
18. previously = before = earlier = formerly 先前 adv.
19. apply = use = make use of = exercise = utilize 应用 v.
20. due to = because = since = owing to = thanks to = as a result of 因为 20
21. raise = lift = lift up = pick up = scoop up 使 ... 上升 v.
22. in addition = besides = additionally = too = also = as well 除此之外
23. inhabitant = resident = population = citizen = local 居民 n.
24. collapse = failure = fall 崩塌，失败 n.
25. set up = establish = found = start = open 建立
26. ensure = make sure = make certain = see to it that 保证 v.
27. assist = help = aid = give a hand = do sth. for 协助 v.
28. deny = refuse = withhold 否认 v.
29. permit = allow = let = agree to = authorize 许可 v.
30. interfere = intrude = disrupt = meddle 干扰 v.
31. repeat = redo = retake = do sth. again 重复 v.
32. prevent = stop = restrain = hold back = discourage 阻止 v.
33. disrupt = disturb = upset = break up 打扰 v.
34. long-term = chronic = long = lengthy = long-running 长期的 adj.
35. expose = show = reveal = present = let sb . see 暴露，揭发 v.
36. intense = strong = passionate = powerful = fervent 强烈的 adj.
37. random = arbitrary = at random 任意的，随机的 adj.
38. require = demand = need = call for 要求 v.
39. fatigue = tiredness = exhaustion = drowsiness 疲劳 n.
40. manifest = show = reveal = present 显示 v. 21
41. concentrate = pay attention = put one's mind on = attentive 专注 v.
42. produce = make = manufacture = create = fashion 生产 v.
43. carry out = implement = put sth. into practice = execute 实行 v.
44. perform = do = conduct = dabble in 执行 v.

1. exchange = apply something learned in one to others = change 交流 v.
2. expertise = skill 专门技术 n.
3. employ = analyze = study 使用 v.
4. investigation = analysis 调查 n.
5. narrow = focus on 缩小范围 v.
6. reproduce = copy = replicate = repeat 复制 v.
7. funded support = finance 资金 n.
8. athlete = sportsmen and women 运动员 n.
9. calculate = measure 计算 v.
10. event = championship 赛事 n.
11. plan = prepare = design 计划 v.
12. improve = grow = get better 进步 v.
13. trade = economy 贸易 n.22
14. transport = import or export = deliver 运输 v.
15. local = domestic = native = indigenous 当地的 adj.
16. weakening = less = reduced = decreased 下降的 adj.
17. value = worth = price = credit = use = benefit = profit 价值 n.
18. delivery = export or import 运输 n.
19. nearby nations = geographic neighbours 近邻 n.
20. international = ocean = global = worldwide 国际的 adj.
21. shipping = freight 船运 n.
22. cargo = freight = goods 货物 n.
23. tariff = charge = fee = tax 税费 n.
24. landscape = environment = nature = surrounding = circumstance = view 风景 n.
25. difficult = harsh = demanding = tough = challenging 困难的 adj.
26. essential supplies = food and clothing = necessities 必需品 n.
27. supply = provision = support 供给 n.
28. grow = increase = rise = improve = go up = boost = expand = extend 增长 v.
29. respect = credibility = weight = hour = admiration = consideration 尊重 n.
30. understanding = knowledge 了解 n.
31. well-being = health 健康 n.
32. impossible = out of the question = unlikely 不可能 adj.
33. catch = exploit = capture 抓捕 v.
34. surrounding = environment = circumstance 环境 n.
35. push to one's limits = test one's limits 挑战极限
36. not unmanageable = can cope with 能处理的
37. present inhabitant = descendant 居民
38. give up = abandon 放弃
39. mainly = heavily = most 主要地
40. visit = venture 参观

1. successfully = spectacularly well = wonderfully 成功地adv.
2. people power = local pressure groups 群众力量 n.
3. commute = travel 通勤 v.
4. higher = increasing = more 更高的 adj.
5. income = wealth = salary = wage = payment 收入 n.
6. beneficial = valuable = profitable = good 有益的 adj.
7. together = face to face 共同
8. refute = not mean = rebut = deny 反驳 v.
9. accommodation = live = living condition 住宿 n.
10. usage = use = benefit = profit 用处 n.
11. averagely good = reasonable but not special 较好的
12. limited = minimal 有限的 adj.24
13. move from one to another = adopt one over another 转移
14. show = reveal = uncover = indicate = point out = imply 表明
15. related = associated 有关联的 adj.
16. suffer = be afflicted 忍受(病痛) v.
17. research = study = investigation = survey 研究 n.
18. affect = afflict = influence = change 影响 v.
19. disease = medical complain = illness 病痛 n.
20. increase = surge = rise = gain = grow = go up = add = escalate 上升 v.
21. link = correlation = connection = relationship 关系 n.
22. considerable = significant = substantial = massive = marked 大量的 adj.
23. reduction = drop = concession = fall = decrease 下降 n.
24. elderly people = old people 老人 n.
25. independent = self-reliant 自立的 adj.
26. regular = daily 定期的 adj.
27. exercise = physical activity 运动 n.
28. challenging = difficult = tough = demanding 有挑战性的 adj.
29. decline = deteriorate = reduce = drop = decrease 下降 v.
30. lonely = emotionally isolated 孤独的 adj.
31. hand signal = gesture = body language 手势 n.
32. restricted = limited 有限的 adj.25
33. concept = abstract idea = definition 定义 n.
34. specific = particular = detailed 特定的 adj.
35. early = older 早期的 adj.
36. fulfill = qualify = achieve = keep = satisfy 完成 v.
37. sufficient = enough 足够的 adj.
38. quantity = how many = amount 数量 n.
39. misunderstanding = confusion 误解 n.
40. prevent = resolve = forbid = stop 防止 v.
41. poor = lack of = impoverished 贫穷 adj.
42. newer = later = recent = present 新的 adj.
43. ancestor = early people = predecessor 祖先 n.

1. teach = educate = cultivate = nature 教育 v.
2. actor = star 演员 n.
3. first = initial = early = primary 最早的 adj.
4. storyline = narrative = plot 故事情节 n.
5. globe = world 世界 n.
6. early = first = ancient 早期的 adj.
7. passing of time = flow of time 时光的流逝 26
8. describe = tell 描述 v.
9. realistic = achievable 现实的 adj.
10. target = goal = aim 目标 n.
11. feedback = comment = advice = criticism 反馈 n.
12. match to = suit to 合适
13. reward = promotion or advancement = prize = benefit 奖励 n.
14. link to = make something contingent on = associate with = connect with = relate to 联系起来
15. achievement = attainment = gain = success 成就 n.
16. remuneration = payment 酬金 n.
17. tend to = prone to 倾向于
18. feel = perceive = think = find = experience = notice = have an opinion 感觉 v.
19. participate = be involved in = take part in = join 参加 v.
20. staff = employee = worker 员工 n.
21. visible = disclosed = obvious = noticeable 可见的 adj.
22. clerical worker = clerk 书记员 n.
23. judge = rate = criticize = assess = evaluate = gauge = appraise 评判 v.
24. job = work = assignment 工作 n.
25. delay = slow = prolong = postpone = procrastinate = shelve = put off 延后 v.
26. growing old = ageing 变老 27
27. people = mortal = people = individual 人 n.
28. life = lifespan 生命
29. chance = likelihood = fortune = hope = possibility = opportunity = risk = luck 机会 n.
30. production = generation = output 产量 n.
31. theory = hypothesis = guess = guesswork 猜想 n.
32. focus on = emphasize = aim at = concentrate on 集中于
33. short = scarce = limited = insufficient 短缺的 adj.

1. produce = develop = manufacture 生产 v.
2. central = middle 中心的 adj.
3. did not have = without 没有 v.
4. bring = confer = award = present = grant = confer = allocate = offer 带来 v.
5. time limit = deadline 时间限制，期限 n.
6. increase = go up / rise = grow = climb = gain = escalate = expand = pick up = widen = intensify = build up 增加
7. assistant = helper = coach 助手 n.
8. immense = big = major = considerable = great = huge / enormous = tremendous = large scale / large-scale 巨大的 adj.28
9. illustrate = show = be a sign = demonstrate = mean = make clear = reflect = tell = be evidence = reveal 表明，显示 v.
10. quotation = a phrase or sentence that is well-known or often used 引用语 n.
11. predecessor = someone who had your job before you started doing it 前辈，前任 n.
12. rival = a person, group, or organization that you compete with in sport, business, a fight etc = competitor 对手，竞争者 n.
13. distraction = something that stops you paying attention to what you are doing 分心的事物 n.
14. fault = defect = problem = trouble = flaw = weakness = bug = virus = be something wrong with 错误，缺点
15. cornerstone = basis = foundation = the key 基石 n.
16. confer = award = present = grant = allocate 给予 v.
17. stability = the condition of being steady and not changing 稳定 n.
18. prevail = win = come out on top = prevail = carry the day 流行,获胜 v.
19. contract = agreement = understanding = compromise 合约 n.
20. grant = award = present = confer = allocate 给予 v.
21. fascinate = if someone or something fascinates you, you are attracted to them and think they are extremely interesting 吸引，使着迷 v.
22. disturb = interrupt = bother = distract = put somebody off 打扰 v.
23. expect = think = anticipate 预期，期待 v.
24. psychology = the study of the mind and how it influences people's behavior 心理学 n.29
25. obey = comply with = abide by = keep to = stick to the rules = conform to = observe = respect = toe the line = go by the book / do something by the book 服从，顺从 v.
26. identity = someone's identity is their name or who they are 身份 n.
27. severity = used of the degree of something undesirable 严重性 n.
28. unfold = open = happen = develop = expand 展开，发生 v.
29. deliberately = intentionally = on purpose = purposely 故意地 adv.
30. moral = relating to the principles of what is right and wrong behavior, and with the difference between good and evil 道德上的，与道德有关的 adj.
31. prior to = before = previous 在 ... 前面
32. repetition = doing or saying the same thing many times 重复 n.
33. genetic = relating to genes or genetics 基因的，遗传学的 adj.
34. sacrifice = when you decide not to have something valuable, in order to get something that is more important 牺牲 v.
35. victim = someone who has been attacked, robbed, or murdered 受害者 n.
36. forge = form = counterfeit 形成;伪造 v.
37. persuade = convince = win over = talk around 说服 v.
38. surrender = give in 投降，放弃 v.
39. extinct = an extinct type of animal or plant does not exist anymore = disappear = vanish 灭绝的，绝种的 adj.
40. abundant = plenty = ample 充裕的，丰富的 adj.
41. exaggerate = overstate 夸张，夸大 v. 30
42. phenomenon = something that happens or exists in society, science, or nature, especially something that is studied because it is difficult to understand 现象 n.
43. perception = idea = notion = view = belief = insight 认识，观念，看法 n.
44. impression = infection = effect = influence = affection 印象，感想 n.
45. entitle = to give someone the official right to do or have something 使某人有权利 / 资格 v.
46. distortion = a change for the worse = deformation 扭曲，曲解 v.
47. dispose = to arrange things or put them in their places = arrange = settle = manage = cope with = deal with 安排，处理 v.
48. intuition = the ability to understand or know something because of a feeling rather than by considering the facts = instinct 直觉 n.
49. emission = a gas or other substance that is sent into the air 排放物，散发物 n.
50. diminish = reduce = decrease = fall = lessen = cut 减少，减小 v.
51. postpone = put back = delay = adjourn 延期，推迟 v.
52. crucial = important = critical = vital = necessary = essential 至关重要的 adj.
53. pessimistic = expecting that bad things will happen in the future or that something will have a bad result = getting worse 悲观的 adj.
54. attempt = purpose = order = effort 尝试，努力

1. similar = like = resemble 相似的 adj.
2. derive = originate = come from = stem from 起源 v. 31
3. impetus = momentum = stimulus = incentive = motivation = encouragement 动机，动力 n.
4. generate = produce = bring into existence = make = manufacture 产生 v.
5. couple with = and = accompany = with 伴随 v.
6. factor = reason = element = component = ingredient 因素 n.
7. unique = have the distinction = distinct = different = extraordinary = special 独特的 adj.
8. advance = progress = development = growth = increase 进步 n.
9. field = domain = territory = industry = sector 领域 n.
10. alternative = substitute = replacement 替代物 n.
11. like = such as = for example = for instance 例如
12. resource = material = source 资源，来源 n.
13. limited = restricted = exhaustible = finite 有限的 adj.
14. involve = rely on = contain = comprise 包含，牵涉 v.
15. current = modern = recent = present 最近的 adj.
16. particular = extraordinary = special = detail = specific = unique 特别的，独有的 adj.
17. draw on = absorb = do with 吸收 v.
18. settle on = make choice of = decide on 选定 v.
19. superiority = advantage = edge = high quality 优势 n.
20. accompany = when = keep company = be associated with 陪伴，伴随 v.
21. view = belief = opinion = insight = perception 观点 n.32
22. artificial intelligence = reasoning in machine 人工智能 n.
23. involve with = associate with = link to = relate to 与 ... 有关联 v.
24. release = issue = launch = convey = public = deliver 发行，发表 v.
25. difficult = demanding = hard = tough 困难的 adj.
26. task = job = work = labour 任务，工作 n.
27. instantly = rapidly = immediately 立即地 adv.
28. react = respond 反应 v.
29. relate to = depend on = link to = associate with = involve with 与 ... 有关系 v.
30. subject views = outlook = personal / individual views = personal / individual opinions 主观观点 n.
31. distort = to change the appearance, sound, or shape of something so that it is strange or unclear ; to report something in a way that is not completely true or correct = misinterpret 扭曲，歪曲 v.
32. figure out = settle = decide = tell = understand 理解，想出 v.
33. assessment = appraisal = evaluation = estimate = judgment 评估，估计 v.
34. emerge = appear = come forth 出现 v.
35. remain = keep = stay = maintain 保持 v.
36. exploitation = development = utilization = usage 利用，使用 n.
37. foster = cultivate = raise = nurture 培养，养育 v.
38. overtake = catch up = sweep over 赶上，压倒 v.
39. initial = original = premier 最初的，开始的 adj.33
40. whereas = however = while = nevertheless = but = yet 然而，但是 adv.

1. outcome = product = result = conclusion = consequence 结果，后果 n.
2. overcome = win = get over = exceed 克服，战胜 v.
3. insufficient = deficient = shortage = lack = scarcity 不足的 adj.
4. supply = provide = furnish = give 提供 v.
5. launch = release = project = send = shot = emit 开始，投放 v.
6. suppose = expect = imagine = guess = speculate = think 猜想，设想 v.
7. detect = perceive = explore = sense 发觉，觉察 v.
8. handicap = difficult = obstacle = hindrance = bar = deterrent 障碍，困难 n.
9. peer = the people who are at the same age as you, or who have the same type of job, social class etc .同龄人，伙伴 n.
10. positive = optimistic = uplifting 积极的 adj.
11. administer = manage = conduct = implement = perform 执行，管理 v.
12. funding = money = funds = financial resource 资金，基金 n.
13. interact = if people interact with each other, they talk to each other, work together etc . 互动 v.
14. irrigation = the supplement of land or crops with water 灌溉 n.
15. sedimentation = the natural process by which small pieces of rock, earth etc settle at the bottom of the sea etc and form a solid layer 积淀 n.
16. interrupt = break = violate = cut in 打断，打扰 v. 34
17. process = procedure = method = approach 过程 n.
18. threat = danger = intimidation 威胁 n.
19. valuable = precious = worthy 宝贵的，珍贵的 adj.
20. construct = build = make = found 建造 v.
21. blame = to say or think that someone or something is responsible for something bad 责备，怪罪 v.
22. stimulate = encourage = activate = motivate 鼓励，刺激 v.
23. long-term = long-run = long-period 长期的 adj.
24. impact = affect = influence = effect 影响 v.&n.
25. occur = happen = exist = come 发生 v.
26. contain = include = cover = possess 包含 v.
27. military = battlefield = martial 军事的 adj.
28. separate = disparate = distinct = different 分开的，不同的 adj.
29. vanish = extinct = disappear 消失 v.
30. consciousness = awareness 意识 n.
31. ignite = light = inflame 点燃 v.
32. encompass = include = contain = cover 包含，围绕 v.
33. reckon = think = suppose = believe = imagine = expect = feel 认为 v.
34. widespread = universal = extensive = popular = general 广泛的，普遍的 adj.
35. launch = coin = project = release = issue 创新，开辟 v. 35
36. contemporary = modern-day, present-day 同时代的 adj.
37. potential = possible = underlying = likely = expected = latent 潜在的，可能的 adj.
38. prospect = expectation = outlook = chance 展望，希望 n.
39. perception = idea = insight = viewpoint 感觉，领悟 n.

1. community = organization = group = body 团体 n.
2. fragile = delicate 脆弱的 adj.
3. remote = distant 遥远的 adj.
4. require = desire = order = command 要求 v.
5. inhabitant = resident = dweller 居住者，居民 n.
6. consequently = thus = accordingly = hence = therefore = as a result 结果，因此 adv.
7. destination = goal = end point = terminus 目的地 n.
8. throughout = around = wholly = everywhere = end-to-end 自始至终，到处，全部 adv.
9. operate = act = run 运转 v.
10. output = product 输出，产品 n.
11. decline = reduction = fall = slump = decrease = recession 下降 n.
12. undermine = destroy = damage = hurt = ruin 破坏 v.
13. revive = renaissance 复兴 v.
14. unusual = rare = strange = uncommon 罕见的，不寻常的 adj.
15. ordinary = standard = common = usual = general 普通的,平常的 adj.36
16. fragment = shard = debris = pieces = ruins 碎片 n.
17. break = shatter = crack 打碎，打破 v.
18. interior = inner layer = inside 内部的 n.&adj.
19. insist = claim = argue = believe = think 坚持，坚称 v.
20. expand = extend = grow = boom = spread out = enhance 扩张，扩大 v.
21. suppress = control = restrain = repress = put down = oppress = inhibit = ban = forbid = stifle 压制 v.
22. speed up = increase speed = quicken up = accelerate speed 加速 v.
23. examine = analyse = survey = inspect = study = detect = investigate 检查，调查 v.
24. dispute = debate = controversy = disagree = argue 争论，争执 n.&v.
25. detect = analyse = explore = research = survey = investigate = inspect 察觉，发现 v.
26. claim = say = state = insist = argue = think = believe 声称 v.
27. cue = implication = reminder = hint = evidence 提示，信号，暗号 n.
28. unpredictable = fluctuate = changeable 无法预测的 adj.
29. be referred to as = be known as = be regarded as 被称为
30. encourage = induce = trigger = stimulate = boost = inspire 鼓励，促使 v.
31. considerable = plenty = big = major = important 数量可观的 adj.
32. regardless of = despite of = take no notice of 不管，不顾
33. adequate = plenty = proper = appropriate = suitable 充足的,适当的 adj.
34. assure = make sure = guarantee = ensure = insure = secure = make certain of 保证，确保 v. 37
35. suitable = appropriate = proper = adequate = matching 合适的 adj.

1. ignore = pay no attention = not pay any attention = take no notice = not take any notice 忽略，无视 v.
2. encounter = face = confront = meet 遇见，遭遇 v.
3. mistaken view = misconception 错误的观点 n.
4. easy to reach = accessible 容易达到的 adj.
5. change = modify (modification ) 改变 v.
6. destruction = destroy = loss 毁坏 n.
7. investigate = make inquiries = enquiries = go into = probe = look into 调查 v.
8. where = geographical location 表地点
9. important = vital = essential = crucial 重要的 adj.
10. reason = cause = factor = origins = root = stimulus = impetus 原因 n.
11. protect = guard = safeguard = shield = conservation 保护 v.
12. newspapers, television = media 媒体 n.
13. where to live = habitat 居住地 n.
14. get warmer = global warming 变暖 n.38
15. contribute to = play a part 有助于 v.
16. survive = continuing existence 幸存，活下来 v.
17. curriculum = course = syllabus 课程 n.
18. link to = be connected with = be linked with 把 ... 和 ... 相联系 v.
19. underdeveloped = degenerated = rudimentary 不发达的 adj.
20. poor = bad = badly = not very good = no good at something = weak 贫穷的，可怜的 adj.
21. exceptional = good = excellent = outstanding = brilliant = impressive = admirable 超常的，例外的 adj.
22. mating = courtship 交配.
23. follow = track = tail = shadow = hound = stalk = stalker 跟随，跟踪 v.
24. good vision ability = vision is obviously more useful ... 好的视力
25. best = well = greatest = finest = ideal = top = number one = ultimate = optimum = definitive = unsurpassed = record-breaking 极好的 adj.
26. surprised = amazed = astonished = astounded = be taken aback = startled 感到惊讶的 adj.
27. volunteer = subject 实验研究对象 n.
28. similar = resemble = like = alike 相似的 adj.
29. blind = can not see 瞎的 adj.

1. initiative = on your own / by yourself = independently = on your own initiative = under your own steam = to be the person who starts something = plan = law 主动的，自发的 主动权 adj. n.
2. increase = go up = rise = grow = climb = gain = escalate = pick up = widen = be on the increase = intensify = expand = build up 上升，增加 v.
3. teach = educate = train = coach = instruct = bring up 教学 v.
4. more than one language = bilingual = sb's second language 多种语言 n.
5. determine = establish = identify = pinpoint = diagnose 决定 v.
6. young people = teenager = youth = in your teens = adolescent = minor 年轻人 n.
7. community = all the people in a particular area, city, country etc .群体，团体，社区 n.
8. traditional = old-fashioned = outdated = outmoded = unfashionable 传统的 adj.
9. fail = failure = not succeed = unsuccessful = vain = fruitless = unproductive = be a failure = go wrong = not work = do no good = fall through 失败 v.
10. endanger = to put someone or something in danger of being hurt = damaged = destroyed 危及，使危险 v.
11. diverse = varied = variety = wide-ranging = mixed 各种各样的 adj.
12. inevitable = certain to happen and impossible to avoid 不可避免的 adj.
13. differ from = unusual 与 ... 不同 v.
14. reluctant = unwilling = not willing = drag your feet = be loath to do something = conservative 勉强的 adj.
15. consult = ask somebody's advice = seek advice = get / obtain advice 资询 v.
16. alternative = another = other = different = new = else = variation = variant 另一个 40
17. therapist = someone who has been trained to give a particular form of treatment for physical or mental illness 临床医学家 n.
18. retrain = taking courses 再教育 v.
19. salary = pay = wage = income = earnings = fee 工资，收入 n.
20. long-term = chronic = long-running = long-standing = lasting = lifelong = prolonged = lingering = endu ring = abiding = incurable 长期的 adj.
21. complaint = complain = make a complaint = protest = object = complain 抱怨 n.
22. illness = disease = virus = bug = infection 疾病 n.
23. connection = relationship = link = correlation 联系 n.
24. beneficial = be good for you / do somebody good = wholesome = nutritious = nourishing = healthful 有益的 adj.
25. insight = comprehension = understanding 理解，见解 n.
26. physical = relating to the body = bodily 身体的 adj.
27. hazard = risk = danger = threat 障碍，危险 n.
28. accompany = with = together = along with = come wit 陪伴,伴随
29. mental = relating to the health or state of someone's mind 精神上的，心理的 adj.
30. possible = possibility = can = potential = there is a chance / possibility 可能的 adj.
31. reduction = decrease = drop = fall = cut 减少 n.
32. class = type = kind = sort = style = category = variety 种类 n.
33. rehearsal = practice = training = run-through = exercise 排练，演习 n.41
34. peer = your peers are the people who are the same age as you, or who have the same type of job, social class etc 同伴 n.
35. defensive = used or intended to protect someone or something against attack 防御 n.
36. strategy = way = method = approach = technique = system = tactics 方法，功略 n.
37. assist = help = aid = with the aid of 帮助 v.
38. specific = give (somebody ) more details = expand on = enlarge on = go into more = greater detail = be more specific = be more explicit = elaborate 特定的 adj.
39. substance = a particular type of solid, liquid, or gas 物质 n.
40. surroundings = environment = circumstance 环境 n.
41. engage = give somebody a job = employ = take on = appoint = recruit = sign up 雇佣 v.
42. combine = mix = stir = beat = blend = whisk = dilute 联合 v. 43. survival = the state of continuing to live or exist 幸存 n.

1. quotation = a sentence or phrase from a book, speech etc which you repeat in a speech or piece of writing because it is interesting or amusing 引言 n.
2. exemplify = example = case = instance = to be a very typical example of something = to give an example of something 例证 v.
3. explain = tell = say what / why / where etc = show = demonstrate = go through = throw / shed light on = set out 解释 v.
4. outline = to describe something in a general way, giving the main points but not the details 概述 v.
5. purpose = aim = point = idea = objective = object = goal = target = end 目的 n.42
6. encourage = persuade = persuasion = get somebody to do something = influence = encourage = talk somebody into = put somebody up to 鼓励 v.
7. loan = an amount of money that you borrow from a bank etc . 贷款 n.
8. poverty = being poor 贫穷 n.
9. crime = illegal activities in general 犯罪 n.
10. reject = to refuse to accept, believe in, or agree with something 拒绝 v.
11. employ = give somebody a job = take on = engage = appoint = recruit = sign up 雇佣 v.
12. courier = a person or company that is paid to take packages somewhere 快递员 n.
13. storage = keep = store = keep something in storage = preserve 存储 n.
14. facility = rooms, equipment, or services that are provided for a particular purpose 设备 n.
15. ambitious = ambition = power-hungry / power-mad = competitive = determined to be successful, rich, powerful etc .有志向的，雄心壮志的 adj.
16. effort = to try very hard to do something = attempt = campaign = drive 努力 n.
17. feature = a part of something that you notice because it seems important, interesting, or typical ;a part of the land, especially a part that you can see : a part of someone's face, such as their eyes, nose etc 特点 n.
18. planet = the world = earth / Earth = the globe 地球 n.
19. unpredictable = can't say / tell = unforeseeable = it remains to be seen 无法预测的 adj.
20. machinery = machines, especially large ones = a system or set of processes for doing something = machine = device = robot = appliance = mechanism 机械 n.
21. ultimate = someone's ultimate aim is their main and most important aim, that they hope to achieve in the future = final 最终的，根本的 adj.43
22. atmosphere = the feeling that an event or place gives you = the mixture of gases that surrounds the Earth 气氛; 大气 n.
23. occur = happen = take place = there is = come about = come up = turn up = arise = strike 发生 v.
24. expand = get bigger = grow = swell up = stretch 扩张，扩大 v.
25. form = type = way something is / appears = shape 形式 n.
26. emerge = appear = become visible = come into view / come into sight = come out = reappear 出现 v.
27. emit = to send out gas, heat, light, sound etc 发出，放射 n.
28. situation = circumstances = position = case = plight 情况，状况 n.
29. self-conscious = worried and embarrassed about what you look like or what other people think of you 自觉的 n.
30. generate = to make someone have a particular feeling = form = produce = create 产生 v.
31. various = there are several different types of that thing = different = a variety of something = differing = varying = an assortment of something = assorted = a mix of something = a mixture of something 各种各样的 adj.
32. convenient = a thing or way of doing something that is easy and quick ; a time or arrangement that is convenient 方便的 adj.
33. objective = impartial = neutral = not take sides = unbiased = disinterested 客观的 adj.
34. enquiry = investigate = make inquiries / enquiries = go into = probe = look into = solve = be under investigation 调查
35. observe = notice = can see / can tell = see = spot = detect = note become aware / conscious = catch somebody's eye = perceive 观察 v. 44
36. comment = remark = thing to say = point = statement = announcement = declaration = observation 评论
37. include = consist of = comprise = be composed of = be made up of 包含，包括 v.
38. focus on = deals only with = concentrate 专注于 v.
39. affect = have an effect = have an impact = take effect = make a difference = impact 影响 v.
40. gained from = come from = be based on = originate = go back to = have its origins in = have its roots in = derive from / be derived from = develop from / evolve from 产生于 ... . v.
41. concern = worry = stress = anxiety = strain = a feeling of worry about something important 关心，担心 n.

1. official = formal = authorized = on (the ) record 官方的，正式的 adj.
2. athletic = physically strong and good at sport = fit = be in shape = be in good condition 运动的 adj.
3. intensive = involving a lot of activity, effort, or careful attention in a short period of time = rapid = crash course 密集的，加强的 adj.
4. burst = a short sudden effort or increase in activity = burst of anger / enthusiasm / temper etc 爆炸，突发
5. recognize = know = identify = pick out = tell 认出，承认 v.
6. inadequate = not enough = too little = few = scarce = insufficient = be in short supply = lack of something = be short 不足的 adj.
7. develop = come from = be based on = originate = go back to = have its origins in = have its roots in = derive from = be derived from = be founded on = grow out of = develop from = evolve from 发展，生长 v. 45
8. enable = make something possible = allow = permit = pave the way for = clear the way for 使能够 v.
9. predict = anticipate = forecast = foretell = prediction = projected = guess in advance 预测 v.
10. specialist = someone who knows a lot about a particular subject, or is very skilled at it = expert 专家 n.
11. theoretical = relating to the study of ideas, especially scientific ideas, rather than with practical uses of the ideas or practical experience 理论的 adj.
12. basic = fundamental = essential = central = underlying = simple = crude = primitive = rudimentary = uns ophisticated = low-tech 基本的 adj.
13. nature = plants / animals etc = somebody's character = qualities of something = type 自然 n.
14. aim = purpose = point = idea = objective = object = goal = target = end 目的 n.
15. translate = change languages = interpret = put something into English / French / Japanese etc 翻译 v.
16. ancient = belonging to a time long ago in history, especially thousands of years ago 古老的 adj.
17. realistic = when pictures, films etc make things seem real = lifelike = realism = true to life = vivid 实际的，现实的
18. field = area = branch = world = domain = realm = sphere 领域 n.
19. document = a piece of paper that has official information on it ;a piece of written work that is stored on a computer 文件 n.
20. equal = the same in number, amount, level etc as something else 平等的 adj.46
21. influence = effect = side effect = impact = what something does to = the implications 影响 n.
22. behavior = manner = conduct = behave = well-behaved = good = be on your best = stay out of trouble 行为 n.
23. compare = to examine or judge two or more things in order to show how they are similar to or different from each other = liken = make a comparison = draw an analogy = draw a parallel = contrast 比较 v.
24. economically = in a way that is related to systems of money, trade, or business 经济上地 adv.
25. establish = determine = identify = pinpoint = diagnose = to start a new business or organization . 建立新的生意 / 组织 v.
26. sustainable = able to continue without causing damage to the environment ; able to continue for a long time 可持续的 adj.
27. realize = know = be / become aware = can tell = appreciate = be conscious = know perfectly well = know / learn from experience 意识到 v.
28. limit = restrict = set / impose / put a limit = keep to / keep within = confine = fix 限制
29. produce = form = create = generate 生产 v.
30. guarantee = promise = assure = give somebody your word = swear = vow = commit to = pledge 保证 v.
31. liberty = freedom = a free hand 自由 n.
32. independence = self-sufficiency = self-reliance 独立 n.
33. consistent = always behaving in the same way or having the same attitudes, standards etc - usually used to show approval 持续的 adj.47
34. underestimate = to think or guess that something is smaller, cheaper, easier etc than it really is = to think that someone is not as good, clever, or skilful, as they really are 低估 v.
35. provision = when you provide something that someone needs now or in the future 提供 n.

1. outcome / result
2. become a reality / open the door to
3. fighting / repel the enemies
4. war weapons / weapons of war
5. launcher / launch
6. teenagers / during adolescence
7. inhale / breathe / intake / exhale (反义词)
8. hypothesis is fulfilled / turn out to be right
9. describe / write out
10. do / carry out
11. bring to / import
12. over a fourteen-year period / between 1968 to 1982
13. become established in Australia / be integrated in Australia
14. degraded water supply / contaminated water supply
15. clear land / land clearing
16. diversify / diversification
17. sustainable / environmental-friendly
18. may be / some likelihood
19. similar / alike
20. operate as / be used as
21. support / sustain 48
22. necessary to / crucial to
23. extremely primitive / strikingly backward
24. recent discovery / evidence gathered in recent years
25. solely / entirely
26. past / pre-history
27. insight / understanding
28. unable to concentrate / distract
29. feeding / food consumption
30. irritability / irritate / irritable
31. reaction / react
32. monitor / measure
33. over / more than
34. fifty per cent / half
35. intense air / heavily polluted stagnant air

1. reclaim / reclamation
2. contributor / contribute
3. replace / replacement
4. capability / ability
5. take charge / in charge of
6. be gained from / consult in
7. difficulty / barrier
8. dominant / dominate
9. incentive / prize 49
10. ineffective / in vain
11. alternative / choice
12. carry / delivery
13. alone / solely
14. proportion / percentage
15. be forced to / have to
16. honest / honesty
17. open / openness
18. significant / noticeable
19. assess its meaning / understand
20. redundant / overly detailed
21. ailment / illness
22. defect / imperfection
23. complete / completion 50__